21 July 2026 Key facts: Commercial LNG trade began with CAMEL/Arzew in 1964. Global LNG liquefaction capacity reached approximately 525 MTPA by the end of 2025—more than 500× its initial scale. Around 300 bcm/y of additional LNG export capacity is expected by 2030, led primarily by the United States and Qatar. The chart highlights ten projects and expansion waves that fundamentally changed LNG trade routes, production scale and the geography of global supply. 10 LNG industry

26 July 2026 Operating today: ~17 MTPA • New capacity pipeline: ~61 MTPA Evolution: Purpose-built → Barge-based → LNG Carrier Conversion → Deepwater Expansion → Standardised Multi-FLNG Export Hubs Generation I – Purpose-built FLNG 🇲🇾 PFLNG Satu (Malaysia, 2017) — 1.2 MTPA First commercial FLNG. Generation II – Barge-based FLNG 🇦🇷🇨🇬 Tango FLNG (Argentina, 2019 → Republic of Congo, 2023) — 0.5–0.6 MTPA First commercial deployment in Argentina (2019). First commercially re

26 July 2026 Key facts: Under construction: 18 MTPA (6 projects) Advanced pre-FID: 34 MTPA (5 projects) Early-stage concepts: 10 MTPA (3 projects) Total identified pipeline: ~63 MTPA (14 projects) Evolution: Purpose-built FLNG → Barge-based FLNG → LNG Carrier Conversion → Deepwater FLNG → Standardised Designs → Multi-FLNG Export Hubs Innovations: Single FLNG → Multi-FLNG export hubs with shared infrastructure Bespoke designs → Standardised platforms Dedicated infrastructure →

23 July 2026 Low-cost pioneers → Scale-up → CAPEX inflation → A new optimisation phase Over six decades, LNG plant CAPEX has traced an inverted U-curve. $140/tpa (1964) — small, simple first-generation LNG plants. $2,500/tpa (2016) — Australian megaprojects set the CAPEX record. $610/tpa (2026/27) — North Field East sets today's lowest publicly comparable benchmark for world-scale LNG plants. CAPEX evolution 🔹 1964–1983 | Low-cost pioneers Smaller trains, mature locations an

August 2,2026 Key observations Global refining capacity increased from 88 → 104 Mmbpd (+18%). Global refinery throughput increased from 77 → 83 Mmbpd (+8%). Around 40% of global refining capacity is now located in Asia, reflecting the continued shift of global refining investment. China, India and Russia increased their combined refining capacity from 15 → 31 Mmbpd (+107%), with China contributing +11 Mmbpd of the total increase. The United States maintained broadly stable re

8 September 2026 LNG: Modular vs Stick-Built? Modular is favoured at remote sites with limited labour, infrastructure and supply access. Key Points CAPEX 🟢 ↓ Potential saving: 5–10% (1) Project Duration 🟢 ↓ Up to 20% shorter (2) Overall Plant Weight 🔴 ↑ 20% higher (3) Modular Advantages Site Construction Hours 🟢 ↓ Less on-site work Camp Cost 🟢 ↓ 41% lower (3) Fabrication-Yard Productivity 🟢 ↑ 25–30% higher (1) Fabrication Cost 🟢 ↓ 28% lower (3) Weather: Reduced site ex

1 September 2026 Data Centres: $500bn Investment — The New Energy Customer Key Points Investment nearly doubled in two years → $500bn in 2024 For Comparison: Upstream Oil & Gas — $570bn Electricity Demand (2024–2030): 415 → 945 TWh Installed Capacity (2005–2025): 21 → 114 GW Growth Drivers: IT → Cloud → AI Power Package Scale-Up: 26 → 200 → 2,000 → 5,000 MW How Data Centres Are Powered Coal — 30% Renewables — 27% Natural Gas — 26% Nuclear — 15% Infrastructure Constraints Chip

19 August 2026 Capacity balance: Regasification vs Liquefaction — 2.1× → 0.9×. Why? 2025: Liquefaction capacity 525 MTPA vs regasification capacity 1,114 MTPA — 2.1× Future additions: Liquefaction capacity 250 MTPA vs regasification capacity 230 MTPA — 0.9× Projects: 94 MTPA | 25 projects Under construction: 64 MTPA — 14 projects Advanced pre-FID: 25 MTPA — 8 projects Early-stage concepts: 5+ MTPA — 3 projects Innovations Phased terminal development Shared port and pipeline i

28 August 2026 FSRU vs Onshore → Flexibility vs Scale CAPEX Advantage: ~25% FSRU: $130/tpa | 155K m³ storage | 7 buffer days Onshore: $210/tpa | 830K m³ storage | 10 buffer days FSRU or Onshore? FSRU advantages: Fast-track Redeployment Charter option Onshore advantages: Lower weather-related operating exposure Larger scalable capacity Phased expansion — tanks, regasification trains and berths Lower OPEX — no vessel crewing, classification surveys, periodic drydocking or towag

14 August 2026 Onshore Gas Pipeline CAPEX (2005–2030) Key facts: • Conventional: $4.5M/km (15 projects) • Mountains: $15.1M/km (4 projects) • Arctic/Sub-Arctic: $7.9M/km (4 projects) Conventional 🇺🇸 2008 — Southeast Supply Header | 435 km | 42″ | $3.6M/km 🇺🇸 2009 — Gulf Crossing | 568 km | 42″ | $3.0M/km 🇺🇸 2011 — Tiger Pipeline | 282 km | 42″ | $5.5M/km 🇺🇸 2011 — Fayetteville Express | 301 km | 42″ | $4.8M/km 🇺🇸 2017 — Trans-Pecos + Comanche Trail | 544 km comb